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Abstract Shaanxi Province manganese rich mineral resources, varieties, optional good, with a very high industrial value, easy to form mining, and deep processing of industrial structure. This paper establishes a system planning model, investment economic model and investment index evaluation system for the development of manganese ore resources in Shaanxi Province, and proposes corresponding countermeasures for the existing problems and production status.
Key words manganese ore resources, system planning, investment economy, evaluation system, model
1 Introduction
Mineral resources are important materials for modern humans to survive. The reserves of mineral resources on the earth are abundant, but limited. Human beings are constantly exploiting resources and discovering new resources, from a long-term strategic height. Starting from the long-term interests of the country and the nation, the planned and rational exploitation of mineral resources is particularly important for some important resources that affect the stable development of China's national economy.
With the rapid development of the national economy, China's more than 85% to 95% of the energy, industrial raw materials from mineral resources, but a serious shortage of reserve mineral resources, particularly in relation to the shortage of resources and stable development of China's national economy, such as oil, iron ore, manganese ore , copper ore, chromite, pyrite, potassium salt. According to statistics, one-fourth of the 45 kinds of minerals urgently needed by China's national economy from 2000 to 2010 cannot meet the needs of national economic development. Potash, chromite and pyrite account for only 10% to 30% of the total demand. ,As shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Supply and demand of mineral resources in China from 2000 to 2010
Serial number
Mineral resource name
2005
Supply to demand ratio
year 2010
Supply to demand ratio
Supply and demand
Yield
Demand
Yield
Demand
1
Oil / × 10 8 t
1.6
2.2 to 2.4
70%
1.75
3 to 3.5
54%
Zoom out
2
Iron ore / × 10 8 t
2.5
4.5
56%
2.4
5 to 5.5
46%
Zoom out
3
Manganese ore / × 10 4 t
380
670
57%
350
750
47%
Zoom out
4
Chrome ore / × 10 4 t
twenty two
184
12%
15
210-230
7%
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5
Copper / × 10 4 t
55
150
37%
62
180~210
32%
Zoom out
6
Pyrite/×10 4 t
2150
2400-2600
86%
2450
3000-3200
79%
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7
Potassium / × 10 4 t
108
880
12%
1600
12%
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8
Aluminum / × 10 4 t
435
300
Satisfy
350-400
Satisfy
9
Nickel / × 10 4 t
5.5-6
4.76
Satisfy
6.25
Satisfy
10
Coal / × 10 4 t
13
12-13
Satisfy
17
16-18
Satisfy
11
Zinc /×10 4 t
140
105
Satisfy
130～140
Satisfy
12
Tungsten / × 10 4 t
4.5
1.3
Satisfy
1.5
Satisfy
13
Tin /×10 4 t
5-5.5
4.4
Satisfy
6.8
Satisfy
14
Molybdenum / × 10 4 t
4
0.56
Satisfy
0.66
Satisfy
2 Distribution of manganese ore resources in Shaanxi Province
According to statistics, the proven reserves of manganese ore in Shaanxi Province are above 2×10 7 t, ranking 7th in the national manganese ore reserves, mainly distributed in Hanzhong City (Ji County, Lueyang County, Ningqiang County, Zhenzhou). Ba County, township, etc.) and Ankang City (Ziyang County, Xunyang County, etc.), a small amount distributed in Guanzhong Weinan City. The distribution of specific resources is shown in Table 2. [next]
Table 2 Distribution of manganese mineral resources in Shaanxi Province
Administrative regions
Mine belt name
Deposit type
Ore type
Reserves / × 10 4 t
Hanzhong City (Region)
South Qinling Manganese Belt
Small deposit
Low phosphorus manganese carbonate
10.65
Hanzhong City (Region)
Zhongqinling Manganese Belt
Medium-small
Low phosphorus manganese carbonate
868.01
Hanzhong City (Region)
Motianling manganese ore belt
Medium-small
Manganese ore
544.41
Hanzhong City (Region)
Dabashan Manganese Belt
Medium-small
Low phosphorus manganese carbonate
489.38
Hanzhong City (Region)
Other manganese ore belt
Medium-small
Manganese ore
161.40
Ankang City (Region)
Other manganese ore belt
Medium deposit
Manganese oxide ore
149.68
Weinan City (Region)
Other manganese ore belt
Small deposit
Manganese oxide ore
15.25
Total
2238.78
Note: Geological survey data published in 1988
Characteristics of manganese ore resources in Shaanxi Province:
(1) The genesis of the deposit is complicated. The genetic types of the Manganese deposits in southern Shaanxi are mainly marine sedimentary types and sedimentary metamorphic types, which belong to the Yidi trough, the geothermal trough and the platform type respectively; in the metallogenic age, they are the Jixian, Sinian and Cambrian, respectively. Multi-generic, multi-era, multi-layered deposit distribution characteristics.
(2) The deposits are small in scale and widely distributed. The deposits are mainly small and medium-sized. The four major manganese ore belts are formed by the Qinling and Bashan manganese-bearing rock series, mainly distributed in six counties belonging to Hanzhong City, and a few are in Ankang City. The ore bodies are mostly layered, layered, and lentils, and the mining conditions are good.
(3) The ore variety is complete and the grade is low. The main ore is low phosphorus manganese carbonate ore, high phosphorus manganese carbonate ore, brown manganese ore and manganese oxide ore. The industrial type is represented by the brown manganese mine of Lijiaying in Ningqiang County and the low-phosphorus manganese carbonate mine of Qujiashan in Zhenba County. The average grade of ore is about 20%, which is a type of lean ore, and the granularity of minerals and aggregates are larger. Minerals have good sorting and good industrial value, and are easy to form an industrial pattern of mining, mineral processing , and deep processing, turning resource advantages into industrial advantages.
3 resource development system planning model
Resource system planning refers to the collection, storage and processing of relevant resource information, under the current technical conditions, the maximum reasonable mining of mineral resources and the maximum economic benefits. The input and output of manganese ore enterprises reflect all the direct and indirect technical and economic links between the enterprise departments. It includes the complete consumption of manganese resources and the complete consumption of products. It is not simply the consumption of manganese resources by the production process and the consumption of manganese resources. The resulting indirect consumption consists of two parts, including the recovery of resources used in the production process of the enterprise and the indirect resource consumption caused by the treatment of environmental pollutants produced.
Assume that A is the direct and indirect consumption index of manganese resources in the production process; p ik is the direct consumption index of manganese resources produced by the kth manganese product in the i-th production department; g ik is the kth manganese product in the i-th production department (Lean ore, rich ore) direct consumption index of manganese resources; a kj is the direct consumption index of the jth manganese product (manganese concentrate) to the kth manganese product (ore); e ik is the i-th production department The indirect consumption index of manganese resources produced by the recovery of the kth manganese resource; β kj is the indirect consumption index of the jth manganese resource in the recovery process of the kth manganese resource; r ik is the kth fixed type of the i-th production department The indicator of indirect consumption of manganese resources by asset consumption; θ kj is the indirect consumption index of manganese resource generated by the consumption of the kth fixed asset (depreciation rate) in the production process of the jth manganese product; s ik is the kth of the i-th production department The indirect consumption index of manganese resources generated by the treatment of pollutants; the system planning model of manganese mineral resources is:
  Where: Part 1 is the direct consumption of manganese resources in the production process of mining enterprises;
   The second part is the indirect consumption of manganese resources by intermediate products such as manganese ore and manganese concentrate in the production process of mining enterprises;
The third part is the indirect consumption of manganese resources caused by the recovery of various resources used in the production process of mining enterprises;
The fourth part is the indirect consumption of manganese resources generated by pollutants in the production process of mining enterprises;
The fifth part is the indirect consumption of manganese resources generated by the mining enterprise's production of fixed assets (depreciation). [next]
4 resource development investment economic model
Many non-ferrous metals and rare metal mineralization deposits is very uneven. At the time of mining, it is possible to selectively extract richer sections. However, if the first rich ore is mined, then the lean ore is calculated, the calculated ore recovery rate of the entire deposit will be lower than that of the rich ore mixed ore. It is uneconomical to recover lean ore from the rich section. In fact, these poor ores are lost. In order to eliminate the adverse consequences of sorting mining (for the most advanced part of the advanced mining) and to ensure the production of rich ore in the initial stage of production, the mining sequence of the deposit must be planned and planned in advance, and the mining of the deposit should be divided into two phases or Several periods.
When constructing a new mine, the proven condition of the reserves is poor, which means that infrastructure investment and production costs are more than the conversion of existing mines. If the first phase of the mine construction is based on reserves above B and is the richest part, the error will not exceed 15-20%. After the main reserves are examined in the first phase of the mine's production and operation, the error in determining the reserves will not exceed 10-15%. That is, the error is reduced by one-third compared with the general error, and the error that may occur when other technical and economic indicators are determined in the design will also be reduced. If the period of non-staged mining is more than 20 years, the corresponding error is not less than ±30%; if the period is divided into two stages, the error is about ±15%, that is, reduced by half. The biggest benefit of staged mining is that it ensures more accurate design decisions. This is because all the information used as the basis for the design of Phase 2 is more reliable when the deposit is thoroughly investigated by the production prospecting project and the first phase of the mining project. The initial investment in staged mining is minimal, and the investment benefit will be high, because the annual production in terms of mined ore is small, but the production capacity of the company based on the final product will be quite large.
The first phase of the small and medium-sized mines can be quickly completed and put into production. When it is divided into two phases of mining, due to the faster production of the first phase of the mine and the richer part of the mining bed, considering the time factor, the profit obtained can be calculated by the following formula:
Where: E d - the profit obtained after the two-stage mining, the yuan;
A 1 , A 2 , A 0 - phase 1, period 2 and benchmark scheme (non-scheduled) mine production capacity, t/a;
P 1 , P 2 , P 0 - the recovery value of ore recovered in Phase 1, Phase 2 and the baseline scheme, yuan / t;
C 1 , C 2 , C 0 - the mining and selection costs of Phase 1, Phase 2 and the baseline scheme, yuan / t;
t 1 , t 2 , t 0 —— the service life of the first phase, the second phase and the baseline scheme, a;
△t——the difference between the construction period of the first phase of the baseline plan and the phased construction plan, a;
k - rated discount rate.
The benefits from improving the utilization of infrastructure funds are:
Where: Q 1 , Q 2 - the first phase of mining, the second period of mining and non-scheduled mining, the fixed assets and working capital of the mine, yuan.
Taking into account the time factor, the benefit based on the conversion cost is: E = E d + E g
Obviously, it is divided into two phases of mining and has a very high profit in the first phase of the reserves, and it also improves the accuracy and reliability of investment decisions.
5 Resource development investment index evaluation system
The construction, reconstruction or expansion of the mine project is a relatively complicated technical economic system project. It has the characteristics of multi-factor, multi-condition and multi-variable constraints. It is a series of technically feasible and economically reasonable multi-objective optimization problems. To study this aspect of the problem, it is necessary to propose a multi-choice scheme with scientific basis from different technical and economic characteristics, so as to facilitate the vertical and horizontal comparison evaluation of multiple schemes and select the best. Each technical solution can obtain many technical and economic individual indicators through technical and economic calculations. Each individual indicator has certain technical concepts and economic concepts, which respectively explain technical and economic issues of a specific meaning. It is impossible to have such a few indicators that can assume the functions of explaining various technical and economic problems, and assume the criteria for measuring the effectiveness of the investment economy. In order to explain the characteristics of the technical solutions from different aspects, the economic effects are good or bad. It is necessary to establish a variety of economic indicator systems for resource development investment, and assign different weights to each indicator to solve the uncertain factors in the investment indicator system, as shown in Table 3. [next]
Table 3 Investment Indicator Evaluation System for Mine Resources Development
Primary indicator
Weights
Secondary indicators
Weights
Three-level indicator
Weights
Remarks
Microeconomic analysis indicators
0.6
Value indicator
0.5
Investment in unit products of new or rebuilt mines
0.08
Increased output value of newly built or rebuilt mine unit investment
0.08
Unit product cost of new or rebuilt mines
0.12
Profits per unit of new or rebuilt mines
0.12
Labor productivity of newly built or rebuilt mines
0.10
Static investment yield of newly built or rebuilt mines
0.15
Dynamic investment yield of newly built or rebuilt mines
0.20
Additional investment ratio effect coefficient of new mines
0.15
Physical indicator
0.3
New or rebuilt mine production capacity
0.10
Utilization of resources (recovery rate, depletion rate, etc.)
0.15
The total amount of construction of a mine project
0.10
Construction quality of mine construction projects
0.15
Construction of materials such as power fuel required for mine engineering
0.08
Construction technology and equipment level of mine engineering
0.12
Labor productivity of newly built or rebuilt mines
0.10
Product quality of newly built or rebuilt mines
0.15
Labor hygiene and environmental protection in new mines
0.05
Time indicator
0.2
Construction time of new and rebuilt mines
0.20
Production time of newly built or rebuilt mines
0.20
Construction total investment payback period (static, dynamic)
0.25
Construction of additional investment payback period (static, dynamic)
0.25
Mine production equipment maintenance and renewal period
0.10
Macroeconomic analysis indicators
0.4
dynamic
index
0.5
Net present value of net output value
0.40
Social income (net income) net present value
0.30
Social internal rate of return (net income)
0.30
Static
index
0.4
Static investment output rate
0.50
Static social rate of return (investment tax rate)
0.50
Other indicators
0.1
Net foreign exchange effect
0.05
International Competitiveness
0.25
Social employment rate
0.20
Labor distribution effect
0.25
Other social effects (culture, ecology, etc.)
0.25
Using the established investment economic indicator system, it is comparable in quality and quantity, and comparable in time; at the same time, it emphasizes the microeconomic effects of mining enterprises and the macroeconomic effects of the national economy, and makes judgments and investment decisions correctly. [next]
6 conclusion
Because mine construction is a complex technical economic system engineering, it is a complex system with multiple factors, multiple indicators and multiple objectives. As the complexity of the system increases, the uncertainty and inaccuracy of the description system also increase. Determinism and inaccuracy are both random and ambiguous, while most are ambiguous. When people invest in mining enterprises, they often need reasoning, judgment, comprehensive evaluation, and provide scientific basis for making decisions that can or cannot be made.
However, in recent years, manganese mine enterprises in Shaanxi Province have increased and the manganese ore production has increased rapidly. Driven by local interests, large mines are opened, small mines are opened, and there is rapid water flow. In particular, the local government has introduced some preferential policies, which have supported and encouraged people to excavate from certain angles, which has caused the province's manganese mineral resources to become out of control. Therefore, analyzing the status quo, proposing countermeasures and displaying planning is the key to the sustainable development of manganese mineral resources in our province.
(1) From the long-term strategic height, from the interests of the country and the nation, plan to rationally determine the scale of production, form an industrial pattern of exploration, mining, selection and deep processing, and establish a regional mineral resource development system with reasonable division of labor between regions. Promote the adjustment and optimization of product structure, organizational structure and regional structure of mining enterprises, and scientifically use resources to benefit future generations.
(2) Unified planning, planned mining, comprehensive utilization, “development in protection, protection in developmentâ€, which is the general principle of the development and utilization of mineral resources in China. According to the statistics in 1999, the output of manganese ore in Hanzhong City has exceeded 20×10 4 t, and the industrial sales value has reached more than 25 million yuan. It has initially formed a joint mining and selection joint enterprise, which has made the local economic development and the transformation of resource advantages into industrial advantages. contribution. However, due to the serious shortage of investment in the exploitation and utilization of mineral resources in China, the shortage of funds for geological exploration work, the loss of retained reserves, the low efficiency of state-owned enterprises, and the difficulties, the phenomenon of people's mining has increased year by year. In particular, the mining and mineral processing techniques are backward, the output is low, the recovery rate is low, and the “small workshops†that often waste a lot of resources and waste a lot of resources must be resolutely banned, regulate the mining order, and investigate the consumed resources and existing manganese resources. Analyze and make scientific assessments and investment decisions.
(3) Economic and social development must be limited to the carrying capacity of resources and the environment. It is terrible to pursue the economic and social development in a single way, ignoring the coordination of population, resources and environmental protection. In particular, it emits about 40,000 tons of SO 2 gas into the atmosphere every year, which destroys the ecological environment and the pollution problem is very serious. This requires us to increase investment in science and technology, attach importance to the adoption of new technologies and new processes, reduce the consumption of manganese resources, reduce the production costs of enterprises, reduce environmental pollution indicators, and develop manganese deep products to enhance market competitiveness and corporate risk resistance. In the shortest time, the technical level, management level, equipment and environmental governance level of our province's manganese enterprises are adapted to the sustainable development strategy.